The liver exhibits heterogeneity at various levels. Its lobulated structure, with portal tracts, central veins, and sinusoids, contributes to its function. Furthermore, different zones of the liver have varying metabolic activities due to the distribution of transporters and enzymes. Additionally, the liver contains diverse cell types, including hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, endothelial cells, and stellate cells, each with specific functions. Moreover, a gradient of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products creates a microenvironment within the liver that supports its unique functions through paracrine and autocrine signaling.
