Token ring networks, standardized by IEEE 802.5 and 802.2, employ a ring topology where data is transmitted in the form of tokens. Each network interface card (NIC) has a unique token ring address and multi-station access unit (MAU) coordinates access to the ring. The token frame contains an address field, data field, and error checking field, with tokens representing the right to transmit data. Stations pass tokens and hold them for a set Token Holding Time (THT). Active Monitor (AM) and Backup Active Monitor (BAM) ensure fault management. Network monitoring maintains ring wiring integrity and prioritizes data transmission.
